Abstract
Background: Otalgia is a common presenting complaint in otorhinolaryngology. Although primary otalgia results from pathology within the ear, non-otogenic otalgia represents referred pain originating from anatomical structures that share sensory innervation with the ear. Identifying the underlying source may be challenging, particularly when otoscopic examination is normal.
Objective: To evaluate the clinical characteristics, etiological spectrum, and diagnostic patterns of non-otogenic otalgia among patients presenting with ear pain and normal otoscopic findings.
Methods: This hospital-based observational study included patients presenting with otalgia in whom no primary otologic pathology was identified on clinical and otoscopic examination. A detailed history and comprehensive ENT examination were performed. Dental, temporomandibular joint, cervical spine, and oropharyngeal causes were evaluated based on clinical findings, with relevant investigations undertaken when indicated. The identified etiologies and associated clinical features were analyzed descriptively.
Results: Non-otogenic otalgia was encountered predominantly among adult patients. Temporomandibular joint disorders and dental conditions constituted important etiological groups, while cervical spine disorders and oropharyngeal conditions were also identified as potential sources of referred ear pain. A systematic clinical assessment, supported by targeted investigations and multidisciplinary evaluation when required, facilitated identification of the underlying cause.
Conclusion: Non-otogenic otalgia has a diverse etiological spectrum and may pose a diagnostic challenge in patients with normal otoscopic findings. A structured clinical approach that considers dental, temporomandibular, cervical, and upper aerodigestive tract causes can improve diagnostic evaluation and help avoid unnecessary treatment directed toward primary ear disease.
Keywords
- Non-otogenic otalgia
- Referred ear pain
- Temporomandibular joint disorders
- Dental pathology
- Cervical spine disorders
- Otalgia
How to Cite
João Miguel Ferreira . (2026). A Clinical Study of Non-Otogenic Otalgia: Etiological Patterns and Associated Factors. International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review , Vol. 17 No. 09 (2026) , 20398-20404 . https://doi.org/10.15520/xyf3vm23